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Transformation

Transformation

Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Published on: January 19, 2015

Transfection by electroporation.

Huntington Potter¹, Richard Heller

¹Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.

Current Protocols in Cell Biology

|September 8, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electroporation uses electric shocks to insert DNA into cells, offering an easier, efficient method for stable transformation and gene expression across various cell types. This technique is valuable for genetic engineering in mammals and plants, and for gene therapy applications.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biotechnology
Cell Biology

Background:

Electroporation is a physical method for introducing molecules into cells.
It utilizes high-voltage electric pulses to permeabilize cell membranes.
This technique offers advantages over traditional transfection methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the application of electroporation for mammalian cell transfection.
To detail protocols for generating genetically modified mice (knock-out, knock-in, transgenic) using electroporation of ES cells.
To present in vivo electroporation methods for gene therapy and DNA vaccination, and plant protoplast transfection.

Main Methods:

High-voltage electric shocks applied to cells for DNA delivery.
Electroporation of mammalian cells, including embryonic stem (ES) cells.
In vivo electroporation for therapeutic applications and plant protoplast transfection.

Main Results:

High frequency of stable transformation and transient gene expression achieved.
Successful preparation of knock-out, knock-in, and transgenic mice.
Demonstrated utility in gene therapy for cancer and DNA vaccination, and plant cell modification.

Conclusions:

Electroporation is a versatile and efficient technique for genetic modification in diverse cell types.
It provides a simplified and effective approach for creating genetically engineered organisms and for therapeutic interventions.
The method is adaptable for both in vitro and in vivo applications, including plant biotechnology.