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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating02:48

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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Types of Radioactivity03:23

Types of Radioactivity

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Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Radiation survey and environmental impact assessment at the site of temporary storage at Andreeva Bay (16 years of studies).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

An Automated Microscopic Scoring Method for the γ-H2AX Foci Assay in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
08:23

An Automated Microscopic Scoring Method for the γ-H2AX Foci Assay in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Published on: December 25, 2021

[Radioecological approaches to ranking radiation dangerous objects].

I P Korenkov, T N Lashchenova, E I Veselov

    Gigiena I Sanitariia
    |September 9, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces complex criteria for assessing radiation dangerous objects (RDOs), incorporating factors like radioactive waste activity, radiation dose, and migration rates. A scoring system is proposed to quantify RDO hazards for better risk management.

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    An Automated Microscopic Scoring Method for the γ-H2AX Foci Assay in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
    08:23

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    Published on: December 25, 2021

    Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers
    13:14

    Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers

    Published on: August 22, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Nuclear Safety
    • Environmental Science
    • Radiation Protection

    Context:

    • Evaluating the risks associated with radiation dangerous objects (RDOs) is crucial for public safety and environmental protection.
    • Existing assessment methods may not fully capture the complex hazards posed by radioactive materials.

    Purpose:

    • To develop and present complex criteria for a comprehensive hazard evaluation of radiation dangerous objects (RDOs).
    • To establish a scoring system for RDO hazard assessment based on multiple indicators.

    Summary:

    • The proposed criteria integrate key indicators: radioactive waste activity relative to hazard factors (D value) or allowable levels, effective gamma radiation dose power, radionuclide migration rates, and human radiation doses.
    • A scoring system is provided to quantify the overall hazard posed by RDOs based on these integrated indicators.

    Impact:

    • This work provides a more robust framework for assessing and managing the risks associated with radiation dangerous objects.
    • The proposed scoring system can aid regulatory bodies and safety professionals in prioritizing and mitigating RDO hazards effectively.