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Related Concept Videos

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
In vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System
07:08

The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System

Published on: April 26, 2018

Unravelling UVA-induced mutagenesis.

Evelyne Sage1, Pierre-Marie Girard, Stefania Francesconi

  • 1Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, Université de Paris-Sud XI, F-91405, Orsay cedex, France. Evelyne.Sage@curie.fr

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences : Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology
|September 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation, a major part of solar UV, causes DNA damage and mutations linked to skin cancer. This review explores UVA

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Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
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Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

Published on: July 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ultraviolet A (UVA) constitutes over 90% of solar UV radiation reaching Earth.
  • Solar UV exposure is a significant risk factor for non-melanoma skin cancer.
  • While UVB is known to cause skin cancer, UVA's role remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review DNA damage formation induced by UVA radiation.
  • To discuss recent advances in the mechanisms of UVA-induced DNA damage.
  • To analyze controversial data on UVA-induced mutations in eukaryotic cells, including human skin cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on UVA radiation and DNA damage.
  • Analysis of whole genome sequencing data from melanoma tumors.
  • Discussion of experimental findings on UVA-induced mutational events.

Main Results:

  • UVA radiation induces specific types of DNA damage.
  • Recent research elucidates the mechanisms underlying UVA-induced DNA damage.
  • Data on UVA's mutagenic potential in various cell types, including human skin cells, are controversial and under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding UVA-induced DNA damage and mutations is crucial for clarifying its role in photocarcinogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to resolve controversies surrounding UVA's contribution to skin cancer development.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge to aid in unraveling UVA's role in skin cancer etiology.