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Rotary evaporation is a technique most commonly used in organic chemistry to remove a solvent from a higher-boiling point compound of interest. The rotary evaporator, or "rotovap", was invented in 1950 by the chemist Lyman C. Craig. The primary use of a rotovap is to dry and purify samples for downstream applications. Its speed and ability to handle large volumes of solvent make rotary...
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Black hole evaporation rates without spacetime.

Samuel L Braunstein1, Manas K Patra

  • 1Computer Science, University of York, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|September 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study derives black hole evaporation rates without spacetime, using thermodynamic principles and Hilbert space. This supports the idea that gravity and spacetime emerge from thermodynamics.

Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • Quantum Gravity
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Emergent gravity theories propose spacetime arises from underlying thermodynamic principles.
  • Jacobson's work showed Einstein's field equations could be derived from event horizon thermodynamics.
  • Verlinde's hypothesis suggests gravity, inertia, and spacetime are emergent thermodynamic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive black hole evaporation rates in a spacetime-free manner.
  • To explore the thermodynamic underpinnings of black hole phenomena.
  • To test the applicability of emergent gravity concepts beyond standard general relativity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a Hilbert space description for black hole evaporation.
  • Leveraging symmetries derived from the high dimensionality of black holes.

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  • Applying global conservation laws for no-hair quantities and Penrose processes.

    • Main Results:

    • A spacetime-free derivation of the black hole evaporation rate (radiation spectrum).
    • The analysis is independent of standard general relativity, suggesting broader applicability.
    • Identified that a generalized area theorem requires replacing black hole area with another property.

    Conclusions:

    • Black hole thermodynamics can be studied without assuming spacetime.
    • The findings support the emergent nature of gravity and spacetime from thermodynamics.
    • The results have implications for extended gravity theories and generalized area theorems.