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Environmental refuge from disease-driven amphibian extinction.

Robert Puschendorf1, Conrad J Hoskin, Scott D Cashins

  • 1School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia. robert.puschendorf@jcu.edu.au

Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology
|September 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Critically endangered frogs, armored mist (Litoria lorica) and waterfall frog (Litoria nannotis), survived Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in a dry sclerophyll forest. Environmental factors like reduced canopy cover may protect amphibian populations from chytridiomycosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Amphibian conservation
  • Disease ecology
  • Fungal pathogens

Background:

  • Chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has led to amphibian declines globally.
  • High-elevation tropical amphibians are particularly vulnerable to this disease.
  • The critically endangered armored mist frog (Litoria lorica) and waterfall frog (Litoria nannotis) were presumed extinct in Australia due to chytridiomycosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the survival of Litoria lorica and Litoria nannotis populations in a previously unsurveyed high-elevation dry sclerophyll forest.
  • To assess the prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in these populations.
  • To identify environmental factors potentially contributing to amphibian resilience against chytridiomycosis.

Main Methods:

  • Field surveys conducted over 13 months (June 2008 - August 2009).
  • Sampling of Litoria lorica and Litoria nannotis for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection prevalence.
  • Environmental data collection at the dry sclerophyll forest site and a nearby rainforest site.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a previously unknown population of Litoria lorica and a population of Litoria nannotis.
  • Consistently high infection prevalences of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in both species (frogs: mean 82.5%, tadpoles: 100%).
  • No clinical signs of disease or population decline observed; frogs remained abundant.

Conclusions:

  • The dry sclerophyll forest environment, characterized by reduced canopy cover and a distinct dry season, may mitigate chytridiomycosis impacts.
  • Warming of rocks due to lack of canopy cover could inhibit Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis growth.
  • Surveys for rare or extinct species should extend beyond typical habitats.