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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management01:29

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management

Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
Pharmacologic...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Current Treatment Options for Severe Clostridium difficile-associated Disease.

Edie P Shen1, Christina M Surawicz

  • 1Dr. Shen is Acting Instructor of General Internal Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, where Dr. Surawicz serves as Professor of Medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology.

Gastroenterology & Hepatology
|September 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Treatment for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) requires careful consideration, especially with the rise of severe cases. Guidelines suggest metronidazole for mild CDI, but vancomycin is crucial for severe or refractory infections.

Keywords:
Clostridium difficilerefractory Clostridium difficile–associated diseasevancomycin

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Emergence of hyper-virulent Clostridium difficile NAP1/027 strain leading to increased severity and poorer outcomes.
  • Growing need for optimized treatment strategies in refractory Clostridium difficile infections (CDI).
  • Limitations of current therapies in managing severe CDI cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and emphasize appropriate treatment regimens for Clostridium difficile colitis.
  • To outline therapeutic approaches based on disease severity and patient tolerance.
  • To highlight the evolving management strategies for CDI in light of new strains.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical guidelines and literature on Clostridium difficile infection management.
  • Analysis of treatment efficacy for metronidazole and vancomycin in mild, moderate, and severe CDI.
  • Consideration of adjunctive therapies, including rectal vancomycin and intravenous metronidazole for specific patient groups.

Main Results:

  • Oral metronidazole is effective for mild-to-moderate Clostridium difficile colitis.
  • Vancomycin is recommended for severely ill patients or those unresponsive to metronidazole.
  • Adjunctive rectal vancomycin and intravenous metronidazole may benefit patients with ileus.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment decisions for Clostridium difficile infection must be tailored to disease severity.
  • The rise of hyper-virulent strains necessitates a re-evaluation of standard treatment protocols.
  • Early surgical consultation is vital for patients with severe or refractory Clostridium difficile colitis requiring colectomy.