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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Current understanding of Th2 cell differentiation and function.

Zhenhu Li1, Yuan Zhang, Bing Sun

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.

Protein & Cell
|September 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 helper T-cells (Th2) are crucial for immunity against parasites and in allergic diseases. Recent research reveals new Th2 subtypes and their roles, expanding our understanding of these vital immune cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Helper T cells (Th) regulate immune responses.
  • Type 2 helper T cells (Th2) produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, crucial for anti-helminth immunity and allergic diseases like asthma.
  • Limited research exists on Th2 cell differentiation and intrinsic functions beyond specific disease contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Th2 cell biology.
  • To discuss emerging Th2 cell subtypes, including Th9 and T follicular helper cells.
  • To explore the involvement of Th2 cells in various disease pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on Th2 cell function, differentiation, and subtypes.
  • Analysis of cytokine profiles and cellular markers associated with Th2 cells.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on Th2 cell involvement in helminth infections and allergic conditions.

Main Results:

  • Th2 cells are central to type 2 immunity.
  • New Th2 cell subsets, such as Th9 and CXCR5(+) T follicular helper cells, have been identified.
  • Th2 cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergic diarrhea, and helminth infections.

Conclusions:

  • Th2 cells represent a diverse lineage with critical roles in immunity and disease.
  • Understanding Th2 cell differentiation and function is essential for developing targeted therapies.
  • Further research into novel Th2 cell subtypes will advance the field of immunology.