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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide (Glucotrol),...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
07:00

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Emerging GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Asger Lund1, Filip K Knop, Tina Vilsbøll

  • 1Diabetes Research Division , Department of Internal Medicine F, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.

Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs
|September 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists offer effective type 2 diabetes treatment, improving glycemic control and promoting weight loss. Newer long-acting formulations promise enhanced efficacy and fewer side effects, with cardiovascular benefits under investigation.

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Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate
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Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
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Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells
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Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

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Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate
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Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate

Published on: June 25, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are a recent advancement in type 2 diabetes management.
  • These therapies leverage the physiological actions of GLP-1 to address key pathophysiological aspects of type 2 diabetes.
  • Current GLP-1R agonists are administered daily, with once-weekly options nearing clinical availability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical data on existing GLP-1R agonists (exenatide, liraglutide).
  • To provide an overview of emerging GLP-1R agonists, including long-acting formulations.
  • To discuss the therapeutic implications and future trends in GLP-1-based therapies for type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical data on approved GLP-1R agonists.
  • Inclusion of data on GLP-1R agonists in late-stage clinical development.
  • Synthesis of findings related to efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles.

Main Results:

  • GLP-1R agonists demonstrate sustained weight loss and clinically significant glycemic control improvements.
  • Long-acting GLP-1R agonists show potential for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects.
  • Meta-analyses suggest positive cardiovascular effects, with ongoing trials to confirm these findings.

Conclusions:

  • A shift towards initial or early combination therapy with metformin and incretin-based treatments is expected.
  • GLP-1-based therapies are generally safe and well-tolerated.
  • Choosing the optimal incretin therapy requires comparative analysis of available GLP-1R agonists.