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Related Concept Videos

Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions01:15

Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions

PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF).
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

An Ex vivo Assay to Study Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis in the Gastrointestinal Tract
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Published on: July 1, 2020

Preventing deaths from cryptococcal meningitis: from bench to bedside.

Monika Roy1, Tom Chiller

  • 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. ige6@cdc.gov

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|September 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Early screening for cryptococcal infection in HIV patients can prevent deaths. A new point-of-care test aids in detecting this common meningitis before symptoms appear.

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Published on: February 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Mycology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a major cause of death in HIV/AIDS patients in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Early detection of cryptococcal antigen offers a window for intervention before overt meningitis develops.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of screening HIV-infected individuals for cryptococcal infection.
  • To advocate for the implementation of cryptococcal screening programs in high-burden regions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing cryptococcal antigen detection for early identification of infection.
  • Leveraging a newly developed point-of-care assay for rapid diagnostics.

Main Results:

  • Screening can identify asymptomatic infected individuals.
  • Prompt treatment of identified cases can prevent mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Broad implementation of cryptococcal screening is recommended in high-burden countries.
  • Point-of-care testing and evidence of cost-effectiveness support widespread screening initiatives.