Marked decline in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) based on wastewater analysis.

Area of Science:

• Forensic Toxicology
• Environmental Chemistry
• Public Health Surveillance

Background:

• Reports suggest declining 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) use in Europe, but objective data is scarce.
• The global trends in MDMA and related stimulant consumption remain unclear.
• This study addresses the need for quantifiable data on stimulant use changes in Australia.

Purpose of the Study:

• To quantify changes in MDMA consumption in Australia.
• To assess concurrent shifts in the use of other stimulants, specifically methamphetamine and cocaine.
• To provide objective, data-driven insights into illicit drug trends.

Main Methods:

• Wastewater analysis of untreated samples from metropolitan Adelaide treatment plants (May-July 2009 and 2010).
• Quantification of MDMA, methamphetamine, and benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) using LC-MS/MS.
• Estimation of weekly consumed doses per 1,000 people for each substance.

Main Results:

• MDMA consumption decreased by 50-fold, from 4.52 to 0.08 doses/week/1,000 people (p < .001).
• Methamphetamine consumption increased from 48.35 to 68.13 doses/week/1,000 people (p < .05).
• Cocaine consumption showed no significant change; roadside testing corroborated decreased MDMA and increased methamphetamine prevalence.

Conclusions:

• A dramatic decline in MDMA consumption occurred in Australia from 2009 to 2010.
• An increase in methamphetamine use accompanied the decrease in MDMA use.
• Wastewater analysis is a valuable tool for monitoring illicit drug trends in populations.