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Related Concept Videos

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

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Coupling AAA protein function to regulated gene expression.

Nicolas Joly1, Nan Zhang, Martin Buck

  • 1Division of Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|September 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities (AAA) proteins regulate essential cell functions. A specialized class couples ATPase activity to transcription activation by remodeling the σ(54)-RNA polymerase holoenzyme via DNA looping.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • AAA proteins (ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities) are crucial for diverse cellular processes including DNA replication, transcription regulation, and protein degradation.
  • A specific subfamily of AAA proteins has evolved to mediate transcriptional activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the specialized mechanisms by which AAA proteins couple ATPase activity to the activation of transcription.
  • To explore how these proteins interact with the σ(54)-RNA polymerase holoenzyme.

Main Methods:

  • The study discusses the known functions and mechanisms of AAA proteins in transcriptional regulation.
  • It reviews literature on the interaction between AAA activator proteins and the σ(54)-RNA polymerase holoenzyme.

Main Results:

  • AAA activator proteins bind to upstream promoter DNA and interact with the σ(54)-RNA polymerase holoenzyme through DNA looping.
  • ATP hydrolysis by these AAA proteins leads to substrate remodeling and subsequent transcriptional activation.

Conclusions:

  • AAA proteins are specialized molecular machines that play a critical role in regulating gene expression.
  • Their unique ability to couple ATP hydrolysis to DNA-mediated interactions facilitates transcriptional activation.