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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts01:13

Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts

De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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Distant cis-regulatory elements in human skeletal muscle differentiation.

Rachel Patton McCord1, Vicky W Zhou, Tiffany Yuh

  • 1Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Genomics
|September 13, 2011
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Summary

Identifying distant gene regulatory elements is key for understanding human skeletal muscle differentiation. These distant elements physically interact with gene promoters, revealing a general mechanism for gene regulation.

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08:12

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Published on: December 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Gene regulation in human cells is complex, with many studies focusing only on promoter-proximal regions.
  • Physical interactions between distant regulatory elements and gene promoters are increasingly recognized in mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) involved in human skeletal muscle differentiation.
  • To investigate the role of distant CRMs in gene regulation during this process.

Main Methods:

  • Combined myogenic transcription factor (TF) binding data with histone modification data in myoblasts.
  • Analyzed CRMs located more than 20 kb from muscle gene promoters.

Main Results:

  • Distant CRMs are common in skeletal muscle differentiation and show more differentiation-specific TF binding than proximal regions.
  • Two distant CRMs physically interact with gene promoters (PDLIM3 and ACTA1) during differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Distal CRMs are crucial for understanding mammalian gene regulation.
  • CRM-promoter looping is a general mechanism for regulating gene expression.