Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 29, 2026

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
Published on: January 12, 2024
Direct costs in diabetic and non diabetic people: the population-based Turin study, Italy
G Bruno1, R Picariello, A Petrelli
1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, I-10126 Turin, Italy. graziella.bruno@unito.it
Background And Aims:
We compared direct costs of diabetic and non diabetic people covered by the Italian National Health System, focusing on the influence of age, sex, type of diabetes and treatment.
Methods And Results:
Diabetic people living in Turin were identified through the Regional Diabetes Registry and the files of hospital discharges and prescriptions. Data sources were linked to the administrative databases to assess health care services used by diabetic (n = 33,792) and non diabetic people(n = 863,123). Data were analyzed with the two-part model; the estimated direct costs per person/year were €3660.8 in diabetic people and €895.6 in non diabetic people, giving a cost ratio of 4.1. Diabetes accounted for 11.4% of total health care expenditure. The costs were attributed to hospitalizations (57.2%), drugs (25.6%), to outpatient care (11.9%), consumable goods (4.4%) and emergency care (0.9%). Estimated costs increased from € 2670.8 in diabetic people aged <45 years to € 3724.1 in those aged >74 years, the latter representing two third of the diabetic cohort; corresponding figures in non diabetic people were € 371.6 and € 2155.9. In all expenditure categories cost ratios of diabetic vs non diabetic people were higher in people aged <45 years, in type 1 diabetes and in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion:
Direct costs are 4-fold higher in diabetic than in non diabetic people, mainly due to care of the elderly and inpatient care. In developed countries, demographic changes will have a profound impact on costs for diabetes in next years.
Related Concept Videos
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology
Diabetic Retinopathy