Lymphosarcoma associated with Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog

Hepatic T-cell lymphosarcoma with involvement of regional lymph nodes and concurrent schistosomiasis were diagnosed in an 11-year-old male neutered mixed-breed dog with a history of chronic weight loss, inappetence, vomiting, and diarrhea. Trematode ova present in the hepatic parenchyma and mesenteric node were surrounded by sheets of neoplastic lymphocytes while those in the intestinal wall were surrounded by large numbers of non-neoplastic lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry revealed that both the neoplastic and hyperplastic populations were T lymphocytes. The ova were identified by fecal saline sedimentation as Heterobilharzia spp., and fecal ova shedding resolved after praziquantel anthelmintic treatment. The lymphoma progressed despite chemotherapy, and the dog was euthanized after developing neurologic signs and a necropsy was performed. A monomorphic population of neoplastic T cells expanded and replaced normal architecture in the liver and spleen, surrounded nerve roots within the cauda equina, and infiltrated the meninges of the brain. The presence of schistosome ova embedded within neoplastic T-cell infiltrates suggests that, as previously reported in human schistosomiasis, heterobilharziasis may be associated with neoplasia.