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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

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Published on: October 6, 2023

Conditional deletion of insulin receptor in thyrocytes does not affect thyroid structure and function.

Sangmi Ock1, Seok Hong Lee, Jihyun Ahn

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.

Endocrine Journal
|September 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Insulin signaling is not essential for thyroid growth or function in adult mice. Removing the insulin receptor in thyroid cells did not affect thyroid architecture or overall health.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid function via cyclic AMP.
  • Insulin and IGF-1 mediate thyrocyte proliferation with TSH in cell cultures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo role of insulin signaling in thyroid growth.
  • To determine if insulin receptor is essential for thyroid architecture and function.

Main Methods:

  • Generated mice with thyrocyte-specific insulin receptor (IR) knockout.
  • Used Cre-lox system with TPO promoter for targeted gene deletion.
  • Confirmed IR loss via immunohistochemistry and Western blot.

Main Results:

  • Thyrocyte IR knockout mice were viable with normal thyroid morphology.
  • No obvious thyroid dysfunction was observed in knockout mice.
  • IR ablation did not impact thyroid architecture or function in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Thyrocyte insulin signaling is not essential for thyroid architecture and function in vivo.
  • The study highlights a discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo findings regarding insulin's role in thyroid.