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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Genetic Screens02:46

Genetic Screens

Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
Forward genetic screens
Forward or “classical” genetic screens involve creating random mutations in an organism’s DNA using radiation, mutagens, or insertion of additional bases, which result in visible changes...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

In situ Protocol for Butterfly Pupal Wings Using Riboprobes
06:19

In situ Protocol for Butterfly Pupal Wings Using Riboprobes

Published on: May 28, 2007

Genomic sequence around butterfly wing development genes: annotation and comparative analysis.

Inês C Conceição1, Anthony D Long, Jonathan D Gruber

  • 1Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.

Plos One
|September 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Genomic analysis of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana reveals conserved non-coding regions around developmental genes and an expansion of Alcohol dehydrogenase genes, aiding butterfly evolution studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Genomic sequence analysis aids in understanding genome organization and identifying functional elements.
  • Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) libraries provide access to large genomic regions, crucial for species lacking a fully sequenced genome.
  • Butterflies, with their diverse wing patterns, present unique genetic and biological properties, yet lack a sequenced genome, hindering evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize genomic sequence in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, focusing on regions around developmental genes.
  • To investigate the conservation of synteny and DNA sequence in B. anynana compared to other Lepidoptera.
  • To identify novel genetic elements and evolutionary patterns, particularly concerning wing pattern development.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of approximately 1.3 Mb of genomic sequence in B. anynana.
  • Manual curation of in silico predictions using a dataset of expressed genes.
  • Comparative analysis with orthologous regions of the lepidopteran reference genome.

Main Results:

  • Identification of repetitive elements and protein-coding sequences.
  • Discovery of an expansion in Alcohol dehydrogenase genes.
  • Detection of conserved synteny, including inversions and translocations, and high conservation of non-coding DNA around some developmental genes.

Conclusions:

  • The genomic organization of B. anynana is similar to the lepidopteran reference despite significant divergence.
  • An expansion of Alcohol dehydrogenase genes was observed, with high similarity among B. anynana paralogs.
  • Non-coding sequences surrounding key developmental genes like wingless and Ecdysone receptor are highly conserved, suggesting functional importance in wing pattern formation.