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Updated: May 29, 2026
An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
Published on: January 27, 2010
[The German version of parents' postoperative pain measure (PPPM-D). Validation on children 2-12 years old]
1Orthopädische Klinik, König-Ludwig-Haus, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland. s-goebel.klh@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de
Background:
Parents become increasingly more responsible for the postoperative pain management of their children. Useful and valid pain assessments for parents may improve pain measurement. The aim of this study was to evaluate a German version of the parents' postoperative pain measure (PPPM-D).
Methods:
After translation of the PPPM into German 52 children between 2 and 12 years of age, undergoing orthopedic and trauma surgery, were included in a prospective study. At least one of the parents completed the PPPM-D on the preoperative day and the day of surgery until postoperative day 5. Both, the children's and infants postoperative pain scale (CHIPPS) for children between 2 and 4 years and the faces pain scale revised (FPS-R) for children between 5 and 12 years were also assessed. Moreover, the acceptance of the PPPM-D by the parents was assessed.
Results:
The PPPM-D showed satisfactory reliability (Cronbach's α values = 0.77-0.87). Construct validity was demonstrated with strong correlations with the CHIPPS and the FPS-R. Discriminative validity was shown by both statistically and clinically significant differences between minor, medial and major surgeries on the first 3 days after surgery. The examination of sensitivity to change yielded promising results. The PPPM-D was well accepted by the participating parents.
Conclusions:
The results of this study provide evidence of the reliability, validity and high acceptance of the PPPM-D as an assessment tool of postoperative pain among children aged 2 through to 12 years of age after orthopedic or trauma surgery.