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Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders represent complex psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. These disruptions cause individuals to experience a disconnection from their thoughts, emotions, and memories. The phenomenon is not merely an occasional lapse in attention but a profound alteration in mental functioning that can severely impact daily life.
Dissociative Fugue
A hallmark feature of dissociative disorders is the dissociative fugue...

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...

Personality Disorders: Paranoid and Schizoid

Personality Disorders: Paranoid and Schizoid

Personality disorders represent enduring cognition, affect, and behavior patterns that significantly deviate from societal norms. These maladaptive traits often lead to difficulties in various domains, including interpersonal relationships, occupational settings, and overall psychological well-being. Paranoid personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder are two distinct conditions marked by odd or eccentric behavior.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
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Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

Dissociative disorders in DSM-5.

David Spiegel¹, Richard J Loewenstein, Roberto Lewis-Fernández

¹Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA. dspiegel@stanford.edu

Depression and Anxiety

|September 13, 2011

Summary

This study revises diagnostic criteria for Dissociative Disorders (DDs) for DSM-5, proposing changes for Depersonalization Disorder, Dissociative Amnesia, and Dissociative Identity Disorder. Evidence links DDs to trauma and neural mechanisms.

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Published on: July 1, 2014

Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Neuroscience
Psychology

Background:

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) undergoes periodic revisions to refine diagnostic criteria.
Existing diagnostic criteria for Dissociative Disorders (DDs) require reevaluation based on current empirical evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose revised diagnostic criteria for DDs for the upcoming DSM-5.
To generate an evidence-based set of DD diagnoses and criteria by reviewing clinical, phenomenological, epidemiological, cultural, and neurobiological data.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical, phenomenological, epidemiological, cultural, and neurobiological data relevant to DDs.
Analysis of definitions of dissociation and DDs in DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10.
Proposal of a revised definition of dissociation for DSM-5.

Main Results:

Recommendations for DSM-5 include integrating derealization symptoms into Depersonalization Disorder (DPD).
Dissociative Fugue is proposed as a subtype of Dissociative Amnesia (DA).
Revised criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) emphasize disruption and include possession experiences; Dissociative Trance Disorder may be included in Unspecified Dissociative Disorder (UDD).

Conclusions:

A significant body of evidence connects dissociative disorders to trauma history.
Specific neural mechanisms are increasingly linked to the pathophysiology of DDs.