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Related Concept Videos

Self Within Cultural Contexts01:30

Self Within Cultural Contexts

Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
08:01

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

Published on: October 28, 2020

Do I belong?: it depends on when you ask.

Robyn K Mallett1, Zena R Mello, Dana E Wagner

  • 1Department of Psychology, Loyola University, Chicago, USA. rmallett@luc.edu

Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology
|September 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Survey question order can hide belonging uncertainty in students of color. Researchers must carefully design surveys to accurately measure belonging and support academic persistence for all students.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Education

Background:

  • A sense of belonging is crucial for academic success and persistence, especially for students of color.
  • Students of color often experience greater belonging uncertainty than White students.
  • Standard survey designs may unintentionally obscure these differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if context effects in surveys mask belonging uncertainty in junior high, high school, and college students.
  • To examine how ethnic identification and experiences with discrimination impact belonging uncertainty.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1: Assessed belonging uncertainty in junior high and high school students, considering ethnic identification.
  • Study 2: Assessed belonging uncertainty in college students, considering personal experiences with discrimination.
  • Both studies analyzed the impact of question order on belonging uncertainty assessment.

Main Results:

  • Considering ethnic identification threatened belonging in students of color but not White students (Study 1).
  • Personal experiences with discrimination threatened belonging in students of color but not White students (Study 2).
  • Survey context effects can artificially mask belonging uncertainty in students of color.

Conclusions:

  • Survey question order significantly influences the assessment of belonging uncertainty.
  • Researchers must be mindful of context effects to accurately measure belonging, particularly for students of color.
  • Improved survey design is essential for understanding and supporting academic persistence among diverse student populations.