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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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Albinism
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The Nativist Approach01:21

The Nativist Approach

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Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm
06:07

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

Published on: May 15, 2019

Infant color preference for red is not selectively context specific.

Anna Franklin1, Emily Gibbons, Katie Chittenden

  • 1Surrey Baby Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK. a.franklin@surrey.ac.uk

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)
|September 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Infant color preference is not reduced by angry faces; instead, angry faces diminish all color preferences. This suggests angry faces disrupt color perception rather than causing aversion to specific colors like red.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Infant Perception
  • Color Psychology

Background:

  • Previous research suggested infants prefer red in positive contexts and dislike it in negative contexts.
  • This hypothesis was based on studies examining infant responses to colors after emotional cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate and extend Maier et al.'s (2009) study on infant color preference in different emotional contexts.
  • To investigate whether infants show a selective aversion to red following an angry face.

Main Methods:

  • One-year-old infants were shown happy or angry faces, followed by color pairs (red, blue, green).
  • The percentage of times infants looked first at each color was recorded and analyzed.
  • Stimuli included typically preferred infant colors (red and blue) to test specific color responses.

Main Results:

  • Infants looked equally at red and blue, and more than green, after a happy face.
  • Following an angry face, the overall pattern of color preference remained, but the variation across colors decreased.
  • No evidence supported a selective aversion to red; preferences for both red and blue were reduced but not significantly below chance after an angry face.

Conclusions:

  • Contrary to the proposed evolutionary hypothesis, infants do not show a selective aversion to red in negative contexts.
  • An angry face appears to reduce general infant color preference rather than targeting specific colors.
  • This effect may be due to perceptual disruption caused by the angry face, interfering with color encoding.