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Related Concept Videos

Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and reloaded.
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their original...
Graded Potential01:19

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
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Stress-gradient plasticity.

Srinath S Chakravarthy1, W A Curtin

  • 1School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. srinath_chakravarthy@brown.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new stress-gradient plasticity model explains material strengthening due to stress gradients acting on dislocations. This validated model accurately predicts size-dependent behavior in metals.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid Mechanics
  • Nanomechanics

Background:

  • Size-dependent phenomena in plasticity, such as strengthening in smaller samples, are not fully explained by traditional models.
  • Dislocation mechanics are fundamental to understanding material deformation, but integrating size effects requires new theoretical frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel dislocation-based model, stress-gradient plasticity, that provides mechanistic insight into size-dependent plasticity.
  • To validate the model using discrete-dislocation simulations and experimental data for polycrystalline metals.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a dislocation-based model incorporating a physical length scale related to dislocation obstacle spacing.
  • Validated the model through discrete-dislocation simulations.
  • Integrated the model into a continuum viscoplastic framework.

Main Results:

  • The stress-gradient plasticity model predicts material strengthening when stress gradients act over dislocation source-obstacle configurations.
  • The model demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental data for bending and torsion in polycrystalline metals.
  • Predictions show accurate correlation with sample-size and grain-size dependence, with obstacle spacing proportional to grain size.

Conclusions:

  • The stress-gradient plasticity model offers unique mechanistic insights into size-dependent strengthening.
  • The model successfully captures initial strengthening and subsequent hardening phenomena in metals.
  • The physical length scale in the model is linked to microstructural features like grain size.