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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay
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Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay

Published on: September 14, 2021

Signalling pathways mediating specific synergistic interactions between GDF9 and BMP15.

David G Mottershead1, Lesley J Ritter, Robert B Gilchrist

  • 1Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia. david.mottershead@adelaide.edu.au

Molecular Human Reproduction
|September 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) mature regions specifically interact to enhance granulosa cell function. This synergistic signaling involves SMAD3, ERK1/2, and SRC pathways, crucial for fertility.

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Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay
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Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor ß Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Published on: July 21, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Cell Signaling
  • Molecular Endocrinology

Background:

  • Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are key oocyte-secreted factors essential for female fertility.
  • These proteins belong to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily and are processed into mature and pro-regions.
  • Previous research indicates genetic and cellular signaling interactions between GDF9 and BMP15.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate synergistic interactions between purified mature regions of GDF9 and BMP15 on granulosa cells.
  • To determine the specificity of these interactions within the TGF-β superfamily.
  • To elucidate the signaling pathways involved in the GDF9/BMP15 synergistic response.

Main Methods:

  • Primary cultures of murine granulosa cells were utilized.
  • Cellular responses were measured using [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation (DNA synthesis) and transcriptional reporter assays.
  • Specific pathway inhibitors (SB431542, ERK1/2, SRC, NF-κB inhibitors) were employed.

Main Results:

  • Purified mature GDF9 and BMP15 demonstrated significant synergistic interactions on granulosa cell DNA synthesis and SMAD3 signaling.
  • These synergistic effects were specific to GDF9 and BMP15, as other TGF-β superfamily members did not elicit a similar response.
  • The synergistic signaling was dependent on SMAD3, ERK1/2, and SRC kinase pathways, but not NF-κB, and was independent of the pro-region.

Conclusions:

  • Mature GDF9 and BMP15 exhibit specific synergistic interactions on granulosa cells, independent of their pro-regions.
  • This synergy is mediated through the SMAD3 signaling pathway, requiring the activation of ERK1/2 and SRC kinases.
  • These findings highlight a novel mechanism of GDF9/BMP15 cooperation critical for reproductive function.