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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
07:22

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Urticaria and angioedema.

Sara Axelrod1, Mark Davis-Lorton

  • 1Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA. saxelrodmd@gmail.com

The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York
|September 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urticaria (hives) and angioedema (swelling) are challenging conditions impacting quality of life. This review offers primary care physicians current insights into their causes, diagnosis, and management.

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Published on: October 12, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Primary Care Medicine

Background:

  • Urticaria and angioedema are prevalent conditions causing significant patient distress.
  • Symptoms can be persistent, lasting years to decades, and are often treatment-resistant.
  • Etiologies are diverse, encompassing immunologic, nonimmunologic, and idiopathic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide primary care physicians with updated information on urticaria and angioedema.
  • To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of these disorders.
  • To discuss clinical manifestations of various urticarial and angioedema subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review.
  • Synthesis of current research findings.
  • Focus on practical information for primary care.

Main Results:

  • Detailed discussion of acute and chronic urticaria.
  • Exploration of hereditary and acquired angioedema.
  • Coverage of physical urticarias and their characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management requires understanding diverse etiologies and clinical presentations.
  • Primary care physicians play a crucial role in diagnosing and managing these conditions.
  • Up-to-date knowledge is essential for improving patient outcomes in urticaria and angioedema.