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Related Concept Videos

Plague01:24

Plague

Plague is a highly virulent zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus. This pathogen primarily circulates among rodent populations and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected fleas. Additional transmission routes include direct contact with infected animal tissue or inhalation of respiratory droplets from individuals with pneumonic plague. These multiple transmission pathways highlight the bacterium’s potential for rapid...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Inhalation Anthrax01:25

Inhalation Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can be transmitted to humans through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of spores.Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, typically results from direct contact with bacterial spores through skin abrasions and is generally less severe. Gastrointestinal anthrax results from eating undercooked or contaminated meat. It affects the mouth, throat, or...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview

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'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens
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Published on: July 8, 2011

Developing live vaccines against plague.

Wei Sun1, Kenneth L Roland, Roy Curtiss

  • 1Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401 , USA.

Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
|September 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Live attenuated plague vaccines, including the Yersinia pestis-EV NIIEG strain, offer high efficacy but face safety concerns. Modern molecular techniques aim to create safer, effective plague vaccines for humans and environmental control.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, has led to devastating pandemics and poses a biowarfare threat.
  • Existing live attenuated vaccines, like Y. pestis-EV NIIEG, show efficacy but have safety concerns hindering widespread adoption.
  • Research is driven by the need for effective plague vaccines due to endemicity and bioweapon risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize advancements in live attenuated vaccines against plague.
  • To highlight the development of safer and more immunogenic Yersinia pestis vaccines.
  • To review novel approaches including molecularly engineered and vectored vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of Yersinia pestis research, focusing on live attenuated vaccine development.
  • Application of modern molecular biological techniques to engineer Y. pestis strains.
  • Investigation of live, vectored vaccines using attenuated viral or bacterial carriers.

Main Results:

  • Traditional live attenuated vaccines (e.g., Y. pestis-EV NIIEG) demonstrate high efficacy but raise safety issues.
  • Molecularly engineered Y. pestis strains aim for improved safety and immunogenicity for human and bait vaccines.
  • Live, vectored vaccines utilizing attenuated viruses or Salmonella are emerging as alternative delivery systems.

Conclusions:

  • Live attenuated vaccines remain a critical area of research for plague prevention.
  • Molecular engineering holds promise for developing safer and more effective plague vaccines.
  • Vectored vaccine approaches offer innovative strategies for delivering plague antigens.