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Thoracic Aorta

Thoracic Aorta

The thoracic section of the aorta begins at the T5 vertebra and extends to the T12 level at the diaphragm, initially progressing through the mediastinum to the left of the spinal column. Throughout its course in the thoracic segment, the thoracic aorta emits various offshoots known collectively as visceral and parietal branches. The branches that predominantly supply blood to visceral organs are termed visceral branches and include bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, and mediastinal arteries,...

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The Arch of Aorta

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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Coronary Circulation

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The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
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Abdominal Aorta

Abdominal Aorta

Once the aorta traverses the diaphragmatic plane at the aortic hiatus, it is known as the abdominal aorta. This anatomical structure is positioned leftward of the spinal column, encased within a cocoon of adipose tissue behind the peritoneal cavity. It terminates at the L4 vertebra, where it splits into the common iliac arteries. Prior to this bifurcation, the abdominal aorta gives rise to several vital branches.
The celiac trunk, a singular artery, divides into the left gastric artery, which...

Veins of Thorax

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The azygos vein, positioned just right of the midline and anterior to the vertebral column, begins at the junction of the right ascending lumbar and subcostal veins, terminating in the superior vena cava. This vein drains blood from the right side of the thoracic wall, thoracic viscera, and posterior abdominal wall.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Technique and Patient Selection Criteria of Right Anterior Mini-Thoracotomy for Minimal Access Aortic Valve Replacement

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The right internal thoracic artery: is it underutilized?

James Tatoulis¹, Brian F Buxton, John A Fuller

¹Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. james.tatoulis@mh.org.au

Current Opinion in Cardiology

|September 16, 2011

Summary

The right internal thoracic artery (RITA) offers excellent outcomes in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) but is underutilized. Increased RITA use in bilateral grafting can improve long-term patient prognosis.

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Surgery
Vascular Grafting
Coronary Artery Disease

Background:

The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) is the preferred coronary conduit.
The right internal thoracic artery (RITA) demonstrates comparable efficacy but sees limited use in bilateral ITA (BITA) grafting.
Advances in CABG and drug-eluting stents (DESs) necessitate a review of RITA's role.

Purpose of the Study:

To review clinical and patency results of RITA in BITA grafting.
To define the role of RITA in treating multivessel coronary artery disease.

Main Methods:

Review of published clinical and patency data for RITA/BITA grafting.
Analysis of RITA utilization rates and associated outcomes.
Comparison of BITA/CABG with DESs.

Main Results:

RITA utilization remains low (4-10%) despite excellent outcomes.
BITA grafting shows low perioperative mortality (1-3%) and morbidity (1-3%).
RITA patency is identical to LITA and superior to other grafts, enhancing long-term prognosis, particularly in diabetic patients and those with renal dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Strategies are needed to promote RITA use in BITA grafting.
Techniques like skeletonization and composite grafts enhance RITA versatility and prognosis.
Further research is required to define the optimal role of BITA/CABG compared to DESs.