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Related Concept Videos

iChip01:24

iChip

The cultivation of environmental microorganisms has long been hindered by the inability to replicate complex native conditions in vitro. The isolation chip (iChip) addresses this limitation by facilitating the growth of previously uncultivable microorganisms through in situ incubation. Designed for high-throughput microbial cultivation, the iChip comprises hundreds of microchambers, each capable of housing a single microbial cell. These microchambers are loaded with a mixture of molten agar and...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions01:16

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions

Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
The surface integral of an electric field is given by Gauss's law in integral form and is related to...
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics01:27

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics

When an electric field passes from one homogeneous medium to another, crossing the boundary between the two mediums imparts a discontinuity in the electric field. This results in electrostatic boundary conditions that depend on the type of mediums the field propagates through.
Consider a case where both the mediums across a boundary are two different dielectric materials. Recall that the electric field and electric displacement are proportional and related through the material's permittivity.

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Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM
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Published on: January 23, 2013

Atmospheric PCB congeners across Chicago.

Dingfei Hu1, Hans-Joachim Lehmler, Andres Martinez

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.

Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England : 1994)
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread in Chicago air, with concentrations varying by temperature. The study found PCBs linked to dioxin-like and neurotoxic effects, suggesting multiple urban sources.

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Published on: August 29, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Public Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants with known adverse health effects.
  • Understanding PCB distribution in urban environments is crucial for public health risk assessment.
  • Previous studies have highlighted PCB contamination, but urban-scale air monitoring is less common.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure and characterize airborne PCB congeners across Chicago.
  • To investigate the spatial distribution and sources of PCBs in urban air.
  • To assess the toxic and neurotoxic potential of airborne PCBs in Chicago.

Main Methods:

  • Collected 184 air samples from 37 sites in Chicago using mobile high-volume air samplers.
  • Analyzed all 209 PCB congeners using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).
  • Calculated toxic equivalence (TEQ) and neurotoxic equivalence (NEQ) for spatial distribution analysis.

Main Results:

  • Airborne PCB concentrations (ΣPCBs) ranged from 75 to 5500 pg m⁻³ and correlated with temperature.
  • Congener patterns were similar city-wide, resembling a mix of Aroclor 1242 and 1254.
  • Elevated PCB levels were found in residential areas, indicating widespread presence and multiple emission sources.

Conclusions:

  • Airborne PCBs are prevalent and elevated in Chicago's residential communities.
  • Multiple sources, not a few high-emission locations, likely contribute to PCB pollution.
  • Emitted PCBs include congeners with dioxin-like and neurotoxic properties, alongside those from unidentified sources.