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Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...

The Nucleosome Core Particle

The Nucleosome Core Particle

Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...

The Nucleosome Core Particle

The Nucleosome Core Particle

Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
The paradox
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their main responsibility is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. While on the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access DNA...

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

In Situ Nucleosome Assembly for Single-Molecule Correlative Force and Fluorescence Microscopy

In Situ Nucleosome Assembly for Single-Molecule Correlative Force and Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: September 6, 2024

The nucleosome remodeling factor.

Suehyb G Alkhatib¹, Joseph W Landry

¹Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.

|September 17, 2011

Summary

Nucleosome Remodeling Factor (NURF) is vital for chromatin regulation across species. Understanding its functions in transcription and genome organization is key, with potential links to human cancer.

Area of Science:

Chromatin biology
Molecular biology
Genomics

Background:

Nucleosome Remodeling Factor (NURF) is a key component of the ISWI family of chromatin remodelers.
NURF plays critical roles in transcription regulation, boundary element establishment, and higher-order chromatin structure.
Understanding NURF's function is crucial for comprehending genome regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the known biological functions of NURF.
To examine NURF's conservation across prominent model organisms.
To discuss NURF's biochemical activities and its potential role in human cancer.

Main Methods:

Literature review of NURF research.
Comparative analysis of NURF across species.

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Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

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Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes

Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes

Published on: October 23, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

In Situ Nucleosome Assembly for Single-Molecule Correlative Force and Fluorescence Microscopy

In Situ Nucleosome Assembly for Single-Molecule Correlative Force and Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: September 6, 2024

Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

Published on: October 25, 2014

Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes

Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes

Published on: October 23, 2014

Biochemical characterization of NURF's enzymatic activity.

Main Results:

NURF is conserved in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
NURF exhibits diverse functions in chromatin remodeling.
NURF's dysregulation may be implicated in human cancers.

Conclusions:

NURF is an essential regulator of chromatin.
Further research into NURF's mechanisms and cancer relevance is warranted.
NURF is a conserved and vital enzyme in chromatin biology.