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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Published on: May 7, 2016

Karyotype differentiation between two stickleback species (Gasterosteidae).

J R Urton¹, S R McCann, C L Peichel

¹Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.

Cytogenetic and Genome Research

|September 17, 2011

Summary

Chromosome rearrangements, including inversions and fusions, explain differences between stickleback fish species. Unexpected sex chromosome diversity was also found in one population of Apeltes quadracus.

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Genetics
Ichthyology

Background:

The Gasterosteidae family of fish exhibits rapid diversification.
Species differ in chromosome number (2n) and morphology despite a young evolutionary age.
Understanding chromosome rearrangements is key to explaining species divergence.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify chromosome rearrangements differentiating Gasterosteus aculeatus and Apeltes quadracus.
To investigate the genetic basis of karyotype differences.
To explore sex chromosome diversity in Apeltes quadracus.

Main Methods:

Comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on G. aculeatus (2n = 42) and A. quadracus (2n = 46).
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes from G. aculeatus were used in FISH.
Karyotype analysis focused on identifying acrocentric and telocentric chromosomes.

Main Results:

Six pericentric inversions and two chromosome fusions/fissions were identified as key rearrangements.
These rearrangements account for the higher number of acrocentric and telocentric chromosomes in A. quadracus.
A population of A. quadracus was found to lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes, contrasting with the typical ZZ/ZW system.

Conclusions:

Chromosome rearrangements play a significant role in the rapid divergence of stickleback fish species.
Apeltes quadracus exhibits unexpected sex chromosome diversity, with some populations lacking heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and implications of this diversity.