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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection
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Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection

Published on: September 1, 2023

[MR vaccine].

Tetsuo Nakayama1

  • 1Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|September 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Routine measles and rubella immunizations began in the late 1970s. Increased vaccine coverage for measles-rubella (MR) in teenagers is crucial for achieving measles elimination by 2012.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Vaccinology

Context:

  • Measles immunization was implemented in 1978 and rubella in 1977.
  • Outbreaks of measles in 2001 and congenital rubella syndrome in 2004 necessitated combined measles-rubella (MR) vaccination recommendations.
  • Measles outbreaks in adolescents and adults occurred in 2007/08, leading to targeted catch-up campaigns.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the impact of vaccination strategies on measles and rubella incidence.
  • To identify the need for further interventions to achieve measles elimination.
  • To assess the effectiveness of catch-up vaccination campaigns.

Summary:

  • Routine measles and rubella immunizations were introduced in the late 1970s.
  • Despite initial success, outbreaks occurred in 2001 and 2004, prompting the recommendation of a combined measles-rubella (MR) vaccine for children.
  • Targeted MR vaccination campaigns (MR III and IV) for adolescents were initiated in 2008 following outbreaks in this age group.
  • Measles cases significantly reduced to 457 in 2010, nearing elimination goals.
  • Promoting vaccine coverage for MR III and IV is essential for achieving measles elimination by 2012.

Impact:

  • The study highlights the importance of sustained and targeted vaccination efforts in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases.
  • Achieving high vaccine coverage in all age groups, including adolescents, is critical for disease elimination.
  • The findings underscore the need for ongoing surveillance and responsive public health strategies.