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Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Diphtheria

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Vaccine Production

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

[Dengue vaccine].

¹Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine

|September 20, 2011

Summary

Preventive dengue vaccines are urgently needed globally. This review examines advanced vaccine strategies, including attenuated, chimeric, and engineered approaches, highlighting their development status and associated concerns.

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Vaccinology

Context:

Dengue fever is a significant global mosquito-borne viral disease.
There is an urgent need for effective preventive dengue vaccines.
Multiple vaccine development strategies are being pursued.

Purpose:

To review the development status of advanced dengue vaccine strategies.
To discuss concerns associated with these vaccine approaches.

Summary:

Focuses on three advanced dengue vaccine strategies: traditional attenuation, chimerization, and engineered attenuation.
Reviews recent progress in preclinical and clinical evaluations.
Addresses safety and efficacy concerns raised during development.

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Portable Paper-Based Immunoassay Combined with Smartphone Application for Colorimetric and Quantitative Detection of Dengue NS1 Antigen

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

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A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

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Impact:

Provides insights into the current landscape of dengue vaccine development.
Informs researchers and public health officials about challenges and progress.
Contributes to the ongoing effort to control dengue transmission.