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Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as annulenes. In...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...
Chemical Bonds02:40

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
An ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Often, the ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from...

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Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants
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Graphene covalently binding aryl groups: conductivity increases rather than decreases.

Ping Huang1, Huarui Zhu, Long Jing

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effect of Nanomaterials and Nanosafty, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.

ACS Nano
|September 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nitrophenyl groups covalently bond to graphene, enhancing its conductivity. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the σ-bonds, while transport measurements showed improved electrical properties due to charge transfer dominance.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene's unique electronic properties make it a promising material for advanced applications.
  • Functionalization is key to tailoring graphene's properties for specific uses.
  • Understanding bonding mechanisms is crucial for controlled material modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the covalent bonding of nitrophenyl groups to graphene's basal plane.
  • To analyze the impact of nitrophenyl functionalization on graphene's electronic properties.
  • To elucidate the dominant mechanism behind the observed changes in conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze the vibrational modes and bonding.
  • Two-dimensional Raman mapping was used to study the spatial distribution of functional groups.
  • Electric transport measurements were conducted to evaluate conductivity changes.

Main Results:

  • Raman spectra revealed characteristic D mode and nitrophenyl group peaks.
  • Spatial distribution analysis confirmed covalent bonding of nitrophenyl groups to the graphene basal plane via σ-bonds.
  • Functionalized graphene exhibited significantly enhanced conductivity compared to intrinsic graphene.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrophenyl groups covalently attach to graphene's basal plane, forming stable σ-bonds.
  • The enhanced conductivity in functionalized graphene is primarily attributed to a dominant charge transfer effect over scattering effects.
  • This study demonstrates a viable method for significantly improving graphene's electrical conductivity through targeted functionalization.