Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Activation

Sympathetic Activation

The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...

Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...

X-Inactivation

X-Inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Nonsymbolic ratio and fraction magnitude processing predict fraction knowledge in early grades.

Developmental psychology·2026

Same author

The Intrinsic Manifold of Spontaneous Activity Constrains Cortical Responses to Naturalistic Stimuli.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Tracking fraction knowledge development using grade-appropriate assessments.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026

Same author

Neuropacify: a method to transform and match a patient's intracranial EEG to their NeuroPace RNS system data.

Journal of neural engineering·2025

Same author

BrainTRACE (Brain Tumor Registration and Cortical Electrocorticography): A novel tool for localizing electrocorticography electrodes in patients with brain tumors.

Journal of neuroscience methods·2025

Same author

Developmental Changes in Nonsymbolic and Symbolic Fractions Processing: A Cross-Sectional fMRI Study.

Developmental science·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

The cross-activation theory at 10.

Edward M Hubbard¹, David Brang, Vilayanur S Ramachandran

¹Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee 37203–5721, USA. ed.hubbard@vanderbilt.edu

Journal of Neuropsychology

|September 20, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The cross-activation model of grapheme-color synesthesia is supported by new evidence, leading to updates like the cascaded cross-tuning model. This revised model incorporates parietal cortex function and faster synesthetic responses.

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: June 5, 2017

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

Published on: April 25, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: June 5, 2017

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

Published on: April 25, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Psychology

Background:

The cross-activation model of grapheme-color synesthesia was introduced in 2001.
This review assesses experimental evidence supporting and modifying the model over its first decade.

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence testing the cross-activation model of grapheme-color synesthesia.
To propose updates and modifications to the original model based on new findings.
To explore the model's applicability to other forms of synesthesia.

Main Methods:

Review of behavioral, fMRI, DTI, VBM, EEG, and MEG studies.
Analysis of data on neural basis of synesthesia, grapheme, and color processing.
Examination of synesthetic response timing and reading mechanisms.

Main Results:

Much evidence supports the basic cross-activation hypothesis.
The parietal cortex plays a key role in synesthetic binding (two-stage model).
Synesthetic responses begin within 140 ms, leading to the cascaded cross-tuning model.

Conclusions:

The cross-activation model has been significantly supported and updated.
The cascaded cross-tuning model offers a revised understanding of grapheme-color synesthesia.
The model may extend to other synesthesia forms, with ongoing research into learning, development, and genetics.