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Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Differential Staining Technique01:26

Differential Staining Technique

Differential staining is an essential microbiological technique that exploits variations in cell wall structures to classify and identify microorganisms. It facilitates the distinction of bacteria, aiding in diagnostic and research applications. Two of the most widely used differential staining methods are Gram staining and acid-fast staining, both of which rely on the chemical and structural differences in bacterial cell walls.Gram Staining TechniqueGram staining differentiates bacteria by...
Mass Spectrometry: Branched Alkane Fragmentation01:29

Mass Spectrometry: Branched Alkane Fragmentation

This lesson delves into the mass spectrometry of branched alkane fragmentation. Branched alkanes possess secondary or tertiary carbon atoms, which generate relatively stable carbocations if the cleavage occurs at the branching point. The high stability of carbocations drives the instant fragmentation of branched alkanes. Accordingly, the branched alkane's molecular ion peak is very weak or invisible in the mass spectra, especially in comparison to a linear alkane.
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)
08:12

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)

Published on: May 16, 2016

Differential decomposition patterns in charred versus un-charred remains.

Ariel Gruenthal1, Colin Moffatt, Tal Simmons

  • 1School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.

Journal of Forensic Sciences
|September 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Charred remains from fires do not decompose faster overall, but specific burned areas show altered decomposition rates. This forensic entomology study provides new insights into post-fire decomposition patterns.

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Utilizing Soil Density Fractionation to Separate Distinct Soil Carbon Pools
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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)
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09:19

Utilizing Soil Density Fractionation to Separate Distinct Soil Carbon Pools

Published on: December 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Taphonomy
  • Decomposition Studies

Background:

  • Fire is a common factor in decomposition scenarios.
  • Previous research has not quantified decomposition rates in charred remains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the rate and pattern of decomposition in charred animal remains.
  • To compare decomposition in charred versus un-charred carcasses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 48 domestic pig carcasses, divided into charred and un-charred groups.
  • Monitored decomposition at 50 accumulated degree day (ADD) intervals.
  • Developed a Charred Body Scale for retrospective scoring of charred remains.

Main Results:

  • Overall decomposition rate was not statistically different between charred and un-charred groups (p = 0.2692).
  • Charred remains initially appeared more decomposed.
  • Significantly charred body regions decomposed faster (p < 0.001), while lightly charred areas decomposed slower (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • Fire modification does not alter the overall decomposition rate of carcasses.
  • The degree of charring significantly impacts localized decomposition patterns.
  • Findings are crucial for forensic investigations involving fire scenes.