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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults
04:13

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Published on: February 8, 2019

Walking there: environmental influence on walking-distance estimation.

M Iosa1, A Fusco, G Morone

  • 1Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Fondazione Santa Lucia I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy. m.iosa@hsantalucia.it

Behavioural Brain Research
|September 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Humans walk less accurately towards memorized targets indoors than outdoors. Environmental factors significantly influence blindfolded walking performance and spatial navigation strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Human locomotion
  • Environmental psychology
  • Spatial navigation

Background:

  • Humans can walk towards memorized targets without vision.
  • Gait parameters, obstacles, and pathway tilt affect blindfolded walking.
  • Environmental context is a crucial factor in spatial navigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of indoor versus outdoor environments on blindfolded walking accuracy.
  • To analyze spatio-temporal gait parameters and distance perception in different environments.
  • To understand how environmental acoustic features impact walking performance.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty healthy subjects participated in blindfolded walking trials.
  • Experiments were conducted in both indoor and outdoor open-field environments.
  • Distance perception and gait parameters were measured and analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Blindfolded indoor walkers significantly undershot target distances compared to outdoor walkers.
  • Indoor undershooting correlated with shorter steps, not increased step count.
  • Perceived indoor distance was underestimated but poorly correlated with motor performance.

Conclusions:

  • The environment significantly influences blindfolded walking accuracy and strategy selection.
  • Indoor environments may elicit different navigation strategies compared to outdoor settings.
  • Acoustic cues can affect walking performance variability and accuracy in indoor spaces.