Renal system complications in HIV infection

This article has provided an overview of the effects of HIV on renal function. Most transmission of the virus occurs by sexual, blood, and perinatal contact. CD-4 positive cells, especially those that are integral components of the immune system, serve as the reservoir for the reproduction of the virus. The resulting effect is destruction of the immune system with eventual multisystem failure and death. Renal complications arise from several factors, notably the compounding effects of chronic dehydration, malnutrition, infection, and use of nephrotic agents. Acute renal complication can be reversible with prompt assessment, and management directed at maintaining hydration, preventing sepsis, and carefully monitoring drugs. A chronic, irreversible renal disease in HIV is due, in large part, to a syndrome known as AIDS nephropathy, characterized by glomerular sclerosis and nephrotic-type symptoms, which ultimately lead to the need for dialysis. Aids nephropathy is seen most often in intravenous drug users, Haitians, and blacks with HIV. End-stage disease complicates the course of HIV and contributes to early mortality. A small, but significant number of renal patients acquires HIV infection as a result of multiple blood transfusions or through organ donation. Concentrated exposure to blood and body fluid during dialysis necessitates implementation of meticulous infection control procedures to protect both staff and patients. Guidelines by the CDC suggest that universal precautions adequate to prevent the spread of hepatitis B will suffice for HIV as well. HIV infection presents special challenges for those involved with renal management. Prevention and management of renal complication are made possible by thorough understanding of the complex network and interaction of the disease process.