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Related Concept Videos

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
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Current Nucleos(t)ide Analogue Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B.

Soon Sun Kim1, Jae Youn Cheong, Sung Won Cho

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

Gut and Liver
|September 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) have improved chronic hepatitis B care, but drug resistance is a growing concern. This review covers current NUC therapy for both new and resistant patients.

Keywords:
Chronic hepatitis BDrug resistanceHepatitis B virusNucleos(t)ide analogue

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
11:34

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Published on: May 10, 2022

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) prevalence remains high in adults, posing a significant healthcare burden in endemic regions.
  • Widespread hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination has reduced overall CHB incidence.
  • Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) have significantly improved CHB patient survival and care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of NUC therapy for CHB.
  • To address the challenges posed by NUC drug resistance.
  • To provide insights into treatment strategies for both antiviral-naïve and NUC-resistant CHB patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of NUC therapy in chronic hepatitis B.
  • Analysis of current treatment guidelines and clinical outcomes.
  • Examination of emerging resistance patterns and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • NUCs have led to improved outcomes in CHB management.
  • Drug resistance to NUCs is an increasing clinical challenge.
  • A growing number of patients exhibit multi-drug resistance, limiting treatment options.

Conclusions:

  • NUC therapy remains a cornerstone in managing chronic hepatitis B.
  • Addressing and overcoming NUC resistance is critical for long-term patient management.
  • Further research and development of novel therapies are needed for resistant CHB cases.