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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis
06:05

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis

Published on: February 20, 2026

Head and neck paragangliomas.

William M Mendenhall1, Robert J Amdur, Mikhail Vaysberg

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA. mendwm@shands.ufl.edu

Head & Neck
|September 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Head and neck paragangliomas (PGs) are rare tumors, often benign. Complete resection or radiotherapy offers a high cure rate, with treatment choice depending on individual factors.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis
06:05

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis

Published on: February 20, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Paragangliomas (PGs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from paraganglia.
  • Most PGs occur in the head and neck region.
  • While typically sporadic, familial cases are linked to succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) gene mutations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the natural history of head and neck paragangliomas.
  • To identify optimal treatment strategies for these rare tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of relevant medical literature.
  • Analysis of existing data on paraganglioma characteristics and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Head and neck paragangliomas are uncommon, with 90% being sporadic.
  • Malignancy rates range from 6% to 19%, indicated by metastasis.
  • Both surgical resection and radiotherapy (approx. 45 Gy) achieve high cure rates (>90%).

Conclusions:

  • Complete resection and radiotherapy are effective treatments for head and neck paragangliomas.
  • Treatment selection is guided by tumor location, extent, and potential treatment complications.
  • Optimal management for malignant paragangliomas remains an area for further research due to tumor rarity.