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Cells of the Epidermis

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...

Layers of the Epidermis

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...

Papillary Dermis

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
Nail Plate: The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that extends beyond the fingertips or toes. It is a hard, translucent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin

Published on: December 22, 2017

Porokeratosis: present concepts.

P Sertznig¹, V von Felbert, M Megahed

¹Department of Dermatology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. psertznig@ukaachen.de

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV

|September 21, 2011

Summary

Porokeratosis is a group of keratinization disorders defined by the cornoid lamella. This review covers its pathophysiology, clinical forms, and current treatments, as the cause remains unknown.

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Pathophysiology
Histopathology

Background:

Porokeratosis encompasses disorders of epidermal keratinization.
A key histopathological feature is the cornoid lamella.
The precise etiology of porokeratosis is not yet understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current data on porokeratosis pathophysiology.
To discuss the diverse clinical variants of porokeratosis.
To summarize existing therapeutic options for porokeratosis.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies on porokeratosis.
Analysis of data on epidermal keratinization disorders.
Synthesis of information on clinical presentation and treatment.

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Live Cell Imaging with Time Lapse Photography to Study Epidermal Keratinocyte Proliferation Kinetics

Live Cell Imaging with Time Lapse Photography to Study Epidermal Keratinocyte Proliferation Kinetics

Published on: June 6, 2025

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin

Published on: December 22, 2017

Live Cell Imaging with Time Lapse Photography to Study Epidermal Keratinocyte Proliferation Kinetics

Live Cell Imaging with Time Lapse Photography to Study Epidermal Keratinocyte Proliferation Kinetics

Published on: June 6, 2025

Main Results:

The cornoid lamella is a defining histopathological marker.
Multiple clinical variants of porokeratosis exist.
Current understanding of pathophysiology is evolving.

Conclusions:

Porokeratosis is characterized by the cornoid lamella.
Further research is needed to elucidate the etiology.
Management involves addressing clinical variants and available therapies.