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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

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Ectopic thyroid masquerading as submandibular tumour: a case report.

A D Deshmukh¹, R Katna, A Patil

¹Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.

Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England

|September 21, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ectopic thyroid tissue can occur anywhere along its migration path. This case highlights an extremely rare instance of ectopic thyroid in the submandibular space, prompting a literature review.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Anatomy
Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

Ectopic thyroid glands result from developmental anomalies during thyroid gland migration.
Common sites include the base of the tongue (lingual thyroid) and median cervical cysts.
Ectopic thyroid in the submandibular region is exceptionally rare.

Observation:

A 44-year-old patient presented with ectopic thyroid tissue located in the submandibular space.
This presentation is highly unusual compared to more common ectopic thyroid locations.
The case necessitates a thorough review of existing literature on this rare condition.

Findings:

The study confirms the possibility of ectopic thyroid tissue presenting in the submandibular space.
Literature review indicates a significant paucity of documented cases in this specific anatomical location.
Histopathological confirmation of thyroid tissue in the submandibular region was achieved.

Implications:

This case expands the known anatomical distribution of ectopic thyroid tissue.
Awareness of this rare presentation is crucial for accurate diagnosis and surgical planning in head and neck masses.
Further research into the embryological basis and clinical management of submandibular ectopic thyroid is warranted.