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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain01:29

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
07:50

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Published on: July 17, 2015

Diffraction contrast STEM of dislocations: imaging and simulations.

P J Phillips1, M C Brandes, M J Mills

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.

Ultramicroscopy
|September 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is now applicable to analyzing dislocations in crystalline materials. This study demonstrates STEM

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Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope
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Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Published on: May 28, 2016

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
07:50

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Published on: July 17, 2015

Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope
11:14

Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Published on: May 28, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-state Physics
  • Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • Crystalline defects, particularly dislocations, are crucial to material properties.
  • Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) offers advanced imaging capabilities.
  • Previous applications of STEM have not extensively covered dislocation analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the application of STEM for crystalline defect analysis to dislocations.
  • To investigate the utility of various STEM imaging modes for dislocation observation.
  • To validate conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) diffraction contrast rules within STEM.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized STEM for imaging dislocations in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) alpha-titanium with 6wt% aluminum.
  • Employed systematic row diffraction, zone axis, and 3g imaging configurations in STEM.
  • Generated experimental and computational micrographs for comparison.
  • Applied conventional TEM diffraction contrast rules (g·b and g·R).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the applicability of STEM for imaging dislocations, specifically near-screw dislocations.
  • Showcased the effectiveness of zone axis and 3g imaging modes for general defect observation and analysis.
  • Confirmed that conventional TEM diffraction contrast principles are valid in STEM imaging.
  • Presented comparable experimental and computational STEM images of dislocations.

Conclusions:

  • STEM is a powerful technique for detailed dislocation analysis in crystalline materials.
  • Advanced STEM imaging modes enhance defect observation capabilities.
  • Established STEM as a viable alternative to TEM for dislocation characterization, adhering to established contrast rules.