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Related Concept Videos

Measurement: Standard Units03:38

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...
Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments02:46

Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments

Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
10:42

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

Published on: May 3, 2019

Ultracold atoms and precise time standards.

Gretchen K Campbell1, William D Phillips

  • 1Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. gretchen.campbell@nist.gov

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|September 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced laser cooling and trapping techniques achieve ultra-cold atoms, significantly improving atomic frequency standards. This breakthrough minimizes errors, enhancing the accuracy of timekeeping to unprecedented levels.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Published on: May 3, 2019

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11:21

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic physics
  • Metrology
  • Quantum mechanics

Background:

  • Laser cooling and trapping produce ultra-cold atomic samples near the quantum ground state.
  • Low atomic velocities minimize Doppler shifts, time dilation, and broadening, enhancing frequency standard performance.
  • Current microwave atomic fountain standards achieve accuracies of ~3x10^-16.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss limitations in neutral atom atomic frequency standards.
  • To explore future prospects for improving these standards.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing laser cooling and trapping techniques.
  • Employing other advanced cooling methods.
  • Trapping cold neutral atoms in optical lattices.

Main Results:

  • Optical frequency standards using cold neutral atoms in optical lattices achieve systematic uncertainties of ~1x10^-16.
  • Cold-trapped ions demonstrate even higher performance with uncertainties of 9x10^-18.
  • Significant reduction in errors affecting atomic frequency standards.

Conclusions:

  • Ultra-cold atoms are crucial for next-generation atomic frequency standards.
  • Optical lattice and trapped ion technologies offer superior performance over current microwave standards.
  • Further research into neutral atom standards promises enhanced accuracy and future applications.