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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults
06:13

Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults

Published on: December 1, 2023

Annual change in insulin sensitivity.

F Isken1, U Abraham, M O Weickert

  • 1Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.

Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones Et Metabolisme
|September 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Insulin sensitivity (IS) exhibits a moderate annual rhythm, with higher levels observed in the latter half of the year. This yearly cycle in IS may influence the interpretation of studies investigating metabolic changes.

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Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
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Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults
06:13

Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults

Published on: December 1, 2023

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Chronobiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Increased incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiac events in winter suggests potential annual variations in insulin sensitivity (IS).
  • Understanding seasonal influences on IS is crucial for accurate interpretation of metabolic studies and clinical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of annual periodicity in insulin sensitivity (IS).
  • To compare IS levels between the first and second halves of the year.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 2,385 participants.
  • Analysis of insulin sensitivity using HOMA-%S and Matsuda-Sensitivity Index.
  • Application of a cosine wave-fitting algorithm to identify annual and semi-annual rhythms in IS.

Main Results:

  • Significant annual periodicity was detected for both HOMA-%S and Matsuda-Sensitivity Index (p=0.02 or 0.006), particularly in participants without diabetes.
  • A moderate rhythm amplitude (0.08) indicated notable annual fluctuations in IS.
  • Insulin sensitivity was significantly higher when participants were enrolled in the second half of the year compared to the first (p<0.001).

Conclusions:

  • Insulin sensitivity demonstrates a significant, moderate annual periodicity.
  • The timing of study enrollment within the year can moderately impact measured IS, explaining a small portion of its variation.
  • Annual variations in IS should be considered when interpreting research findings, especially those reporting minor changes in sensitivity.