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Analysis of octopamine in human doping control samples.

Mario Thevis1, Anja Koch, Gerd Sigmund

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. m.thevis@biochem.dshs-koeln.de

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Octopamine is a banned substance in sports. This study found no evidence of octopamine excretion in urine after synephrine or supplement intake, suggesting limited risk from these sources.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Octopamine is a prohibited stimulant in sports due to its performance-enhancing effects.
  • Synephrine, a related compound, is monitored and may potentially convert to octopamine in vivo.
  • Investigating the elimination of these compounds is crucial for anti-doping efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo conversion and urinary elimination of synephrine and octopamine.
  • To assess the risk of elevated octopamine levels from synephrine or dietary supplements.
  • To provide data for anti-doping authorities regarding these substances.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of urine samples using validated solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
  • Detection method employed electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring.
  • Samples were collected after administration of octopamine, synephrine, or related nutritional supplements and drugs.

Main Results:

  • Therapeutic octopamine administration led to significant urinary concentrations (up to 142 µg/mL).
  • No elevated octopamine excretion was detected in urine samples following synephrine administration.
  • Urine samples after dietary supplement intake also showed no evidence of increased octopamine levels.

Conclusions:

  • Synephrine and common dietary supplements containing it do not appear to lead to detectable octopamine excretion in urine.
  • The study provides evidence against in vivo conversion of synephrine to octopamine under the tested conditions.
  • Findings support current anti-doping regulations concerning octopamine and inform on the low risk associated with synephrine intake.