Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective response...
Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...
Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evaluation of a commercial automated assay for rapid serum progesterone determination in cattle, sheep and goats.

The Veterinary record·2026
Same author

Growth Differentiation Factor 9 Supplementation Restores the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Negative Effects on Bovine Oocyte Developmental Competence.

Molecular reproduction and development·2026
Same author

Evaluation of a non-radioactive rapid test for determination of serum progesterone in South American camelids.

The Veterinary record·2025
Same author

Primary Uterine Inertia (PUI) in Dogs Is Associated with Impaired Placental Availability of Factors Involved in the Parturition Cascade.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2025
Same author

[Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in llamas and alpacas - Evaluation of the suitability of sex steroid measurement in milk and vaginal cytology].

Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere·2025
Same author

The Elecsys AMH Assay Is a Suitable Method to Detect Gonadal Tissue in Male Alpacas and Llamas.

Veterinary medicine and science·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia
08:55

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia

Published on: November 30, 2016

Muscle metabolism and exercise capacity in cachexia.

Volker Adams1, Stefan D Anker, Gerhard Schuler

  • 1University Leipzig, Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany. adav@medizin.uni-leipzig.de

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|September 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cachexia involves muscle loss and reduced energy metabolism, driven by protein breakdown via calpains and the ubiquitin proteasome system. Inflammatory factors and signaling pathways disrupt muscle mass and mitochondrial function, decreasing exercise capacity.

More Related Videos

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry
08:12

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: October 4, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia
08:55

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia

Published on: November 30, 2016

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry
08:12

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Cachexia is characterized by significant skeletal muscle mass loss and diminished energy metabolism.
  • Muscle mass is maintained by a balance between protein synthesis and degradation.
  • Current models suggest myofilament release by calpains, followed by ubiquitin proteasome system degradation, drives muscle breakdown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle mass regulation and energy metabolism in cachexia.
  • To identify key factors initiating protein breakdown in skeletal muscle.
  • To understand the link between molecular alterations and reduced exercise capacity in cachexia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on cachexia molecular pathways.
  • Analysis of the roles of calpains and the ubiquitin proteasome system in muscle protein degradation.
  • Investigation of regulatory factors including inflammatory cytokines, angiotensin II, and growth factors.

Main Results:

  • Myofilament release from sarcomeres by calcium-activated calpains initiates protein breakdown.
  • The ubiquitin proteasome system further degrades released myofilaments.
  • Inflammatory cytokines, angiotensin II, insulin/IGF-1, and reactive oxygen species regulate protein breakdown initiation.
  • These factors also modulate PGC-1alpha activity, impacting mitochondrial energy production.

Conclusions:

  • Cachexia involves complex molecular pathways regulating skeletal muscle mass and energy metabolism.
  • Disruption of the protein synthesis/degradation balance and mitochondrial function contributes to reduced exercise capacity.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies against cachexia.