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Related Concept Videos

Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...
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Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...
Anthelminthic Agents01:15

Anthelminthic Agents

Anthelmintic drugs differ significantly from antiparasitic therapies targeting protozoa, primarily due to differences in parasite biology. Whereas most protozoal treatments act on proliferating cells, anthelmintics are typically directed against mature, nonproliferative helminths. The therapeutic approach considers the helminth's reliance on neuromuscular coordination, glucose metabolism, and microtubular integrity for survival, reproduction, and localization within the host. Most anthelmintics...
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Trichomoniasis01:18

Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the United States. This extracellular parasite primarily colonizes the lower genitourinary tract in women—particularly the vagina—and in men, the urethra and prostate. Its structural and functional adaptations enable its survival, motility, and pathogenicity within the host environment.Structural Features and Host EntryT.
Fungal Phylum Microsporidia01:28

Fungal Phylum Microsporidia

Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...

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Development of Leishmania Species Strains with Constitutive Expression of eGFP
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Leishmaniasis chemotherapy--challenges and opportunities.

S L Croft1, P Olliaro

  • 1Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. simon.croft@lshtm.ac.uk

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|September 22, 2011
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Developing effective treatments for leishmaniasis remains a global challenge. Research must focus on visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) drug development, ensuring global applicability and addressing co-infections.

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A Parasite Rescue and Transformation Assay for Antileishmanial Screening Against Intracellular Leishmania donovani Amastigotes in THP1 Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cell Line
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A Parasite Rescue and Transformation Assay for Antileishmanial Screening Against Intracellular Leishmania donovani Amastigotes in THP1 Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cell Line
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dorsal Skin of Hamsters: a Useful Model for the Screening of Antileishmanial Drugs
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dorsal Skin of Hamsters: a Useful Model for the Screening of Antileishmanial Drugs

Published on: April 21, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neglected tropical diseases
  • Parasitology
  • Drug discovery and development

Background:

  • Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) treatments effective in India may not be globally applicable.
  • Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) lacks specific treatment options.
  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment advances are limited, with topical paromomycin as a notable exception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the ongoing challenges in leishmaniasis treatment and drug development.
  • To emphasize the need for global standardization of clinical trials for CL.
  • To address the unmet needs in treating co-infected patients with HIV/leishmaniasis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current leishmaniasis treatment efficacy and limitations.
  • Analysis of research and development gaps for VL and CL.
  • Identification of challenges in clinical trial standardization and drug screening.

Main Results:

  • Significant advances in VL treatment exist, but global efficacy and oral short-course options are needed.
  • Limited progress in CL treatment necessitates increased research focus.
  • Treatment of HIV/leishmaniasis co-infected patients remains problematic.

Conclusions:

  • Ideal treatments for both VL and CL are still distant.
  • Focused drug research and development are crucial for leishmaniasis.
  • Ensuring global treatment efficacy and addressing co-infections are key priorities.