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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans
10:36

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Published on: May 21, 2020

Protein expression regulation under oxidative stress.

Christine Vogel1, Gustavo Monteiro Silva, Edward M Marcotte

  • 1Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA. cvogel@nyu.edu

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP
|September 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals significant differences between yeast mRNA and protein levels during oxidative stress. Protein concentrations change dynamically, and researchers can predict these changes using factors like RNA binding and structure.

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Published on: June 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Cellular Stress Response

Background:

  • Oxidative stress impacts cellular processes like translation and protein turnover.
  • Large-scale studies on protein expression under stress are limited.
  • Understanding protein dynamics is crucial for cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate time-resolved protein expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under mild oxidative stress.
  • To compare global transcript and protein responses to oxidative stress.
  • To identify factors predicting protein expression patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative proteomics to measure protein concentrations over 2 hours.
  • Induction of oxidative stress using diamide in yeast.
  • Bioinformatic analysis integrating transcriptomic and proteomic data with translational and degradation features.

Main Results:

  • Detailed time-resolved data for 815 proteins and additional data for ~1,100 proteins were obtained.
  • Significant divergence between mRNA and protein level responses to oxidative stress was observed.
  • Protein concentrations continued to change even after mRNA levels returned to baseline.
  • Expression patterns for 41% of proteins were predicted using features like RNA-binding protein targeting, RNA secondary structures, RNA half-life, and translation efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Protein expression dynamics under oxidative stress differ substantially from transcriptomic changes.
  • Predictive models incorporating RNA-related features can explain a significant portion of protein expression variability.
  • This study provides insights into post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms governing protein homeostasis during stress.