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Changes in adrenomedullin in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Yao Lu1, Yimin Xu, Chaoshu Tang
1Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PRC.
Purpose:
To measure adrenomedullin (ADM) levels in the blood, vitreous fluid and fibrous membrane in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and study its changes in different pathological conditions.
Methods:
We used radioimmunoassay technique to determine immunoreactive- adrenomedullin (IR-ADM) concentrations in the plasma, vitreous samples and fibrous membrane obtained from 9 control subjects with idiopathic macular hole and 23 patients with PDR undergoing vitrectomy.
Results:
IR-ADM levels in the plasma, vitreous samples and fibrous membrane tissues (16.1 ± 2.91fmol/ml, 9.80 ± 2.51fmol/ml and 34.8 ± 5.22fmol/mg) were all significantly elevated in patients with PDR compared with control subjects (11.6 ± 2.38 fmol/ml, 5.8 ± 1.64 fmol/ml and 22.4 ± 1.72 fmol/mg). The levels of ADM in vitreous were also significantly higher in PDR patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) (11.2 ± 2.36 fmol/ml) than those of patients without DME (8.0 ± 1.11 fmol/ml) and controls (5.8 ± 1.64 fmol/ml).
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that ADM may be produced locally in the eyes and may correlate with the severity and proliferative reactions of diabetic retinopathy.
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Proliferative Phase
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...