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Related Concept Videos

Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
08:12

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

Published on: September 6, 2019

Neonatal jaundice and human milk.

Antonella Soldi1, Paola Tonetto, Alessia Varalda

  • 1Neonatal Care Unit, University of Turin, Italy. antonella.soldi@unito.it

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine : the Official Journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians
|September 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Breastfeeding jaundice, including breast milk jaundice, is common but rarely requires stopping breastfeeding. Early support and proper management prevent severe infant jaundice.

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Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
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Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

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Published on: September 6, 2019

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers
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Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers

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Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

Published on: February 15, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatrics
  • Lactation Studies

Background:

  • Breastfeeding is associated with both early and late jaundice in newborns.
  • Distinguishing between
  • breastfeeding jaundice
  • and
  • breast milk jaundice
  • is crucial for appropriate infant care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of breastfeeding's role in neonatal jaundice.
  • To emphasize that jaundice is not typically a reason to interrupt breastfeeding.
  • To highlight updated guidelines on hyperbilirubinemia management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on breastfeeding and neonatal jaundice.
  • Analysis of current clinical guidelines for hyperbilirubinemia detection and management.
  • Evaluation of the role of breast milk in neonatal jaundice.

Main Results:

  • Visible jaundice in newborns does not necessitate interrupting breastfeeding in most cases.
  • Early jaundice and persistent jaundice (
  • breast milk jaundice
  • ) are linked to breastfeeding.
  • Breastfeeding interruption is no longer recommended for diagnosing breast milk jaundice due to low specificity and risks.

Conclusions:

  • Continued breastfeeding is recommended even when jaundice is present.
  • Preventive measures like supporting breastfeeding dyads and managing early jaundice are effective.
  • Focus should be on proper hyperbilirubinemia management rather than discontinuing breastfeeding.