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Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
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Published on: September 16, 2025

Intraocular pressure, ethnicity, and refractive error.

Ruth E Manny1, G Lynn Mitchell, Susan A Cotter

  • 1University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas 77204-2020, USA. rmanny@uh.edu

Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry
|September 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) differences by refractive error were small in children. Age, ethnicity, and sex interactions complicated IOP relationships, with ethnicity-specific IOP changes around myopia onset too small to influence myopia development.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Ophthalmology
  • Ocular Biomechanics

Background:

  • The Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study cohort offers a unique dataset for investigating factors influencing intraocular pressure (IOP).
  • Understanding the interplay between ethnicity, refractive error, and IOP is crucial for pediatric eye health.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated these complex relationships in diverse pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore associations among intraocular pressure (IOP), ethnicity, and refractive error in a diverse pediatric cohort.
  • To adjust for potential confounding variables including age, sex, and measurement protocol.
  • To examine longitudinal changes in IOP relative to myopia onset across different ethnicities.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mixed linear models to analyze data from 3777 children (aged 6-14) in the CLEERE Study.
  • Assessed the effects of age, refractive error (cycloplegic auto-refraction), ethnicity, sex, and measurement protocol on IOP (Tono-pen).
  • Examined longitudinal IOP changes in children who developed myopia, comparing periods before and after onset.

Main Results:

  • Found statistically significant, though clinically small (<1 mm Hg), differences in IOP across refractive error categories.
  • Identified significant interactions between age and IOP influenced by ethnicity and measurement protocol.
  • Observed ethnicity-dependent longitudinal IOP changes around myopia onset, with significant declines in Asian and white children, but all changes were <2 mm Hg.

Conclusions:

  • Small but significant IOP variations exist by refractive error in children.
  • Complex interactions involving age, ethnicity, sex, and measurement protocol significantly influence IOP.
  • Longitudinal IOP changes around myopia onset varied by ethnicity but were too small to suggest a role in myopia development.