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Updated: May 29, 2026

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
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Published on: October 22, 2014

Retinal changes in various altitude illnesses.

R Arora1, K N Jha, B Sathian

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Kaski 13402, Nepal. reemaoph@yahoo.com

Singapore Medical Journal
|September 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

High-altitude retinopathy, including retinal hemorrhages, affects 58% of soldiers with altitude illness. Severe retinopathy is linked to high-altitude pulmonary or cerebral edema, potentially causing visual impairment.

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Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model
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Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model
09:11

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

Published on: May 6, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Altitude Medicine
  • Military Health

Background:

  • Altitude illness poses significant health risks to military personnel operating at high elevations.
  • Retinal changes are a potential indicator of altitude-related physiological stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of retinal alterations in young soldiers diagnosed with altitude illness.
  • To determine the association between specific altitude illnesses and the severity of retinal findings.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 50 male soldiers with altitude illness referred to a tertiary care hospital.
  • Clinical evaluation and documentation of retinal changes, including hemorrhages and retinopathy grades.
  • Correlation of retinal findings with diagnosed conditions: acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE).

Main Results:

  • Retinal hemorrhages were present in 58% of soldiers.
  • Severe high-altitude retinopathy predominantly occurred in soldiers with HAPE and HACE.
  • Branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema was an observed complication.
  • Visual recovery was complete in 76% of affected soldiers, with partial impairment in 17% and permanent loss in 7%.

Conclusions:

  • Retinal hemorrhages are a common finding in soldiers experiencing altitude illness.
  • The severity of high-altitude retinopathy significantly correlates with HAPE and HACE.
  • Branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema represents a novel finding in this cohort.